Ishtiaq Ali, Muhammad (2011). Microbial degradation of polyvinyl chloride plastics (PDF) (PhD). Quaid-i-Azam University. pp.45–46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2016. PVC was synthesized in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann after extended investigation and experimentation. [11] The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of vinyl chloride that had been left on a shelf sheltered from sunlight for four weeks. In the early 20th century, the Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical company Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but difficulties in processing the rigid, sometimes brittle polymer thwarted their efforts. Waldo Semon and the B.F. Goodrich Company developed a method in 1926 to plasticize PVC by blending it with various additives, [12] including the use of dibutyl phthalate by 1933. [13] Production [ edit ] Takata, Ayumi; Ohashi, Yutaka (2002). "Post PVC Sound Insulating Underbody coating". SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol.1. doi: 10.4271/2002-01-0293. The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus degrades plasticized PVC. [49] Phanerochaete chrysosporium was grown on PVC in a mineral salt agar. [50] Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinus tigrinus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus sydowii can effectively degrade PVC. [51] Plasticizers [ edit ]

While DEHP has been medically approved for many years for use in medical devices, it was permanently banned for use in children's products in the US in 2008 by US Congress; [25] the PVC-DEHP combination had proved to be very suitable for making blood bags because DEHP stabilizes red blood cells, minimizing hemolysis (red blood cell rupture). However, DEHP is coming under increasing pressure in Europe. The assessment of potential risks related to phthalates, and in particular the use of DEHP in PVC medical devices, was subject to scientific and policy review by the European Union authorities, and on 21 March 2010, a specific labeling requirement was introduced across the EU for all devices containing phthalates that are classified as CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction). [26] The label aims to enable healthcare professionals to use this equipment safely, and, where needed, take appropriate precautionary measures for patients at risk of over-exposure [27] Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was a common plasticizer for PVC but is being replaced by higher molecular weight phthalates. Metal stabilizers [ edit ] Among the common plastics, PVC is unique in its acceptance of large amounts of plasticizer with gradual changes in physical properties from a rigid solid to a soft gel, [19] and almost 90% of all plasticizer production is used in making flexible PVC. [20] [21] The majority is used in films and cable sheathing. [22] Flexible PVC can consist of over 85% plasticizer by mass, however unplasticized PVC (UPVC) should not contain any. [23] Bornehag, Carl-Gustaf; Sundell, Jan; Weschler, Charles J.; Sigsgaard, Torben; Lundgren, Björn; Hasselgren, Mikael; Hägerhed-Engman, Linda; etal. (2004). "The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case–Control Study". Environmental Health Perspectives. 112 (14): 1393–1397. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7187. PMC 1247566. PMID 15471731. Lead replacement". European Stabiliser Producers Association. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018 . Retrieved 5 December 2018. Notably, the source of the material is the primary distinction between resin and liquid plastic. Natural resins are made from plants and are a natural defense mechanism used by plants. On the other hand, petrochemicals are the source of plastics.Polyester resins are usually clear viscous liquids. This resin is suitable for use in swimming pools, waterproof linings, and other outdoor applications once it has thoroughly dried and hardened. The marine, aerospace, automotive, and construction industries are also served by polyresin, so it doesn’t end there. What Are the Differences Between Liquid Plastic and Natural Resin? EUR-Lex – 32008L0098 – EN – EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. 22 November 2008. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017. In 1998, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) arrived at a voluntary agreement with manufacturers to remove phthalates from PVC rattles, teethers, baby bottle nipples and pacifiers. [83] Vinyl gloves in medicine [ edit ] Vinyl gloves Poly(vinyl chloride)". MilliporeSigma. 2022. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022 . Retrieved 11 October 2022.

Antioxidant can keep the color stability in the heating processing. For example, if without Antioxidant, the transparent color will become yellow after heating. Creech, J. L. Jr.; Johnson, M. N. (March 1974). "Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride". Journal of Occupational Medicine. 16 (3): 150–1. PMID 4856325.Its exceptional heat resistance makes it well-suited for consumer hardware products, including microwaves and automotive parts. At the same time, its ability to resist bacteria makes it an appropriate choice for food and medical-grade items. LSR’s excellent electrical properties make it a desirable option for electronic goods. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PVC COMPOUNDS". Green PVC. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. A wide variety of substances can be used as plasticizers including phthalates, organophosphates, adipates, trimellitates, polymeric plasticizers and epoxidized vegetable oils. [24] PVC properties as a function of phthalate plasticizer level [23]