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In Germany between 1910 and 1935 nudist attitudes toward the body were expressed in sports and in the arts. In the 1910s a number of solo female dancers performed in the nude. Adorée Villany performed the Dance of the Seven Veils, and other stories based upon middle eastern themes, for appreciative upper class audiences. [119] However, after a 1911 performance in Munich, Villany was arrested, along with the theater manager, for indecency. Eventually acquitted, she was forced to leave Bavaria. [120] Olga Desmond's performances combined dance and tableau vivant posing nude in imitation of classical statues. [121]
Olson, Kelly C. (1999). Fashioning the Female in Roman Antiquity (PhD thesis). United States -- Illinois: The University of Chicago. Bastian, Misty L (2005). "The Naked and the Nude: Historically Multiple Meanings of Oto (Undress) in Southeastern Nigeria". In Masquelier, Adeline (ed.). Dirt, Undress, and Difference: Critical Perspectives on the Body's Surface. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21783-7. Stevenson, Tom (1998). "The 'Problem' with Nude Honorific Statuary and Portraits in Late Republican and Augustan Rome". Greece & Rome. 45 (1): 45–69. doi: 10.1093/gr/45.1.45. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 643207 . Retrieved 29 November 2019.
THE KOROWAI DALAM 2009 – The most feared tribe of the Tree people
From around 300 BC Indian mystics have utilized naked ascetism to reject worldly attachments. [ citation needed] China [ edit ]
Jones, Bernice R. (2015). Ariadne's Threads: The Construction and Significance of Clothes in the Aegean Bronze Age. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-3277-7.
Unnamed tribe expedition – 2005
Until the beginning of the eighth century, Christians were baptized naked to represent that they emerged from baptism without sin. The disappearance of nude baptism in the Carolingian era marked the beginning of the sexualization of the body by Christians that had previously been associated with paganism. [83] Virgin and Child (c. 1530) by Jan Gossaert: The exposed breast as symbolic of motherhood. Young Swimmers in Championships". The New York Times. 18 April 1909. p.30 . Retrieved 17 November 2015– via Newspaper Archive. In general, however, concepts of either shame or offense, or the social comfort of the individual, seem to have been deterrents of public nudity in the rest of Greece and the ancient world in the east and west, with exceptions in what is now South America, and in Africa and Australia. Polybius asserts that Celts typically fought naked, "The appearance of these naked warriors was a terrifying spectacle, for they were all men of splendid physique and in the prime of life." [38] Bahrani, Zainab (1993). "The Iconography of the Nude in Mesopotamia". Source: Notes in the History of Art. 12 (2): 12–19. doi: 10.1086/sou.12.2.23202931. ISSN 0737-4453. S2CID 193110588 . Retrieved 25 September 2022. Lindsay, James E. (2005). Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World. Daily Life through History. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
The Aztec city Tenochtitlán reached a population of eighty thousand before the arrival of the Spanish in 1520. Built on an island in Lake Texcoco, it was dependent upon hydraulic engineering for agriculture, which also supplied bathing facilities with both steam baths ( temazcales) and tubs. The conquistadors viewed indigenous bathing practices, which included both men and women entering temazcales naked, in terms of paganism and sexual immorality and sought to eradicate them. In the Yucatan, Mayan men and women bathed in rivers with little concern for modesty. Yet in spite of the number of hot springs in the region, there is no mention of their use for bathing by Indigenous peoples. [42]It was the establishment of the Christian Church as the state religion that made clothing the necessary sign of a person's rank in society and relationship to the Emperor. [80] Rantala, M. J. (2007). "Evolution of nakedness in Homo sapiens". Journal of Zoology. 273 (1): 1–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00295.x. S2CID 14182894.
Adiv, Naomi (2015). "Paidia meets Ludus: New York City Municipal Pools and the Infrastructure of Play". Social Science History. 39 (3): 431–452. doi: 10.1017/ssh.2015.64. ISSN 0145-5532. S2CID 145107499. ProQuest 1986368839. Prost, Antoine; Vincent, Gérard, eds. (1991). Riddles of Identity in Modern Times. A History of Private Life. Vol.V. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-39979-X.
In an autobiography by an Arrernte man in 1950, he does not describe his people as naked. Instead, he reports that children were taught behaviors appropriate to each gender that maintained modesty without clothing, such as sitting facing away from others. These behaviors were not known or understood by Europeans at the time. He also described the missionaries trying to prevent an Arrernte ceremony which involved the men being naked with their bodies painted with sacred markings. The missionaries refused to give them food until they had dressed. [52] Giles, James (1 December 2010). "Naked Love: The Evolution of Human Hairlessness". Biological Theory. 5 (4): 326–336. doi: 10.1162/BIOT_a_00062. ISSN 1555-5550. S2CID 84164968. In ethnographic research with members of the Anaang people of Nigeria was done in 1950-51, when elders of the tribe wanted their history and culture recorded due to the threat of Westernization. There were many who remembered the arrival of the first white people in 1901. People of all ages and gender openly talked of sexual beliefs and behavior. Such talks were in keeping with the Anaang's own customs of passing on cultural traditions. Before colonization, all children were naked until puberty, after which young men wore only a loincloth and women wore a small cloth until marriage. Girls wore beads around their waists and ankles. Adult clothing for both sexes was a cloth that reached from the waist to the ground. The cloth is long enough to cover women's breasts, but this is not done while working. Having no shame in the body, both sexes openly bathed nude. Brides dance nude at their wedding, prior to being given their first adult clothing. The western researchers saw the bridal dance as sexual, but the members of the tribe said it was not. Norms of sexual behavior were strict, premarital intercourse being frowned upon and adultery being a crime, although polygyny is practiced. [37] The Americas [ edit ]
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