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Two of Confucius's most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. In the centuries after his death, Mencius ( 孟子) and Xunzi ( 荀子) both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. Mencius (4th century BCE) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards rén, yì, and lǐ, while Xunzi (3rd century BCE) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training. In time, their writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus of Confucianism. [53] Warburton, William (1779). "The works of Alexander Pope ... With notes by Dr. Warburton, and illustrations on steel by eminent artists. From designs by Weigall, Heath, & others". Archived from the original on 2022-01-21 . Retrieved 2021-04-11. Confucius is traditionally credited with having authored or edited many of the Chinese classic texts, including all of the Five Classics, but modern scholars are cautious of attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself. At least some of the texts and philosophy he taught were already ancient. [4] Aphorisms concerning his teachings were compiled in the Analects, but only many years after his death.
lose one’s bearings To become lost; to lose all sense of direction; to become hopelessly disoriented, confused, or bewildered. In this expression, bearings carries the literal meaning of reference points or directions in relation to one’s position; thus, the term’s use to describe a person who is lost or disoriented. In Taiwan, where the Nationalist Party ( Kuomintang) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of the memorial ceremony of Confucius ( 祭孔) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as Father's Day or Christmas Day do in the Western world. [ citation needed]Qiu, Jane (13 August 2008). "Inheriting Confucius". Seed Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2009. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link) Jansen, Thomas; Klein, Thoralf; Meyer, Christian (2014). Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800–Present. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27151-7. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25 . Retrieved 2016-04-21.
Feng, Dong (December 2008). "The Great Harmony: An Essay on Man and Confucianism" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-11 . Retrieved 2021-04-11. The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in lǐ ( 禮) is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: (a) ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, (b) social and political institutions, and (c) the etiquette of daily behavior. Some believed that lǐ originated from the heavens, but Confucius stressed the development of lǐ through the actions of sage leaders in human history. His discussions of lǐ seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those conforming with canonical standards of ceremony. [ citation needed] Intorcetta, Prospero; etal., eds. (1687), Confucius Sinarum Philosophus, sive, Scientia Sinensis Latine Exposita [ Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin] , Paris: Daniel Horthemels . (in Latin) The name "Confucius" is a Latinized form of the Mandarin Chinese Kǒng Fūzǐ ( 孔夫子, "Master Kong"), and was coined in the late 16th century by the early Jesuit missionaries to China. [6] Confucius's clan name was Kong ( 孔, OC: * kʰˤoŋʔ) and his given name was Qiu ( 丘, OC: * [k]ʷʰə). His " courtesy name", a capping ( guan: 冠) given at his coming of age ceremony, [7] and by which he would have been known to all but his older family members, was Zhongni ( 仲尼, OC: * N-truŋ-s nr[əj]), the "Zhòng" indicating that he was the second son in his family. [6] [8] China, the Confucian Ideal, and the European Age of Enlightenment" (PDF). December 1983. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-10 . Retrieved 2021-04-10.
Confusion
Confucius's favorite disciple was Yan Hui, most probably one of the most impoverished of them all. [67] Sima Niu, in contrast to Yan Hui, was from a hereditary noble family hailing from the Song state. [67] Under Confucius's teachings, the disciples became well learned in the principles and methods of government. [69] He often engaged in discussion and debate with his students and gave high importance to their studies in history, poetry, and ritual. [69] Confucius advocated loyalty to principle rather than to individual acumen, in which reform was to be achieved by persuasion rather than violence. [69] Even though Confucius denounced them for their practices, the aristocracy was likely attracted to the idea of having trustworthy officials who were studied in morals as the circumstances of the time made it desirable. [69] In fact, the disciple Zilu even died defending his ruler in Wey. [69] Ahmad, Mirza Tahir (n.d.). "Confucianism". Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2010. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Confucius' Family Tree Recorded Biggest". China Daily. 24 September 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2009. Yang Hu, who was a subordinate of the Ji family, had dominated the Lu government from 505 to 502 and even attempted a coup, which narrowly failed. [69] As a likely consequence, it was after this that the first disciples of Confucius were appointed to government positions. [69] A few of Confucius's disciples went on to attain official positions of some importance, some of which were arranged by Confucius. [70] By the time Confucius was 50 years old, the Ji family had consolidated their power in the Lu state over the ruling ducal house. [71] Even though the Ji family had practices with which Confucius disagreed and disapproved, they nonetheless gave Confucius's disciples many opportunities for employment. [71] Confucius continued to remind his disciples to stay true to their principles and renounced those who did not, all the while being openly critical of the Ji family. [72] In the West During the Song dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (1130–1200 CE) added ideas from Daoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death, his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different and call his way of thinking Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam until the 19th century. [ citation needed] Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, published by Jesuit missionaries at Paris in 1687
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Riegel, Jeffrey K. (1986). "Poetry and the legend of Confucius's exile". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 106 (1): 13–22. doi: 10.2307/602359. JSTOR 602359. a b "Confucius, The Analects – 17". 1901-12-13. Archived from the original on 2021-04-13 . Retrieved 2021-04-13. Violatti, Cristian (August 31, 2013). "Confucianism". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on August 18, 2015 . Retrieved August 17, 2015. Chen, Stephen (13 November 2013). "Study finds single bloodline among self-claimed Confucius descendants". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015.
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