Janeway's Immunobiology

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Rearrangement at the immunoglobulin light-chain locus leads to cell-surface expression of the B-cell receptor

T cells with different functions are distinguished by CD4 and CD8 cell-surface proteins and recognize peptides bound to different classes of MHC molecule The two classes of MHC molecule have distinct subunit structures but similar three-dimensional structures

Excerpt

The fixation of sublytic doses of complement to cells in tissues stimulates a powerful inflammatory response Activation of macrophages by armed T H1 cells promotes microbial killing and must be tightly regulated to avoid Lymphocyte development occurs in specialized environments and is regulated by the somatic rearrangement of the antigen-receptor genes T cells are specialized to recognize foreign antigens as peptide fragments bound to proteins of the major histocompatibility complex

Malignant lymphocyte tumors frequently carry chromosomal translocations that join immunoglobulin loci to genes regulating cell growth Positive selection coordinates the expression of CD4 or CD8 with the specificity of the T-cell receptor and the potential effector functions of the cell In immune individuals, secondary and subsequent responses are mediated solely by memory lymphocytes and not by naive lymphocytes Live-attenuated viral vaccines are usually more potent than ‘killed’ vaccines and can be made safer by using recombinant DNA technology T cells specific for self antigens can cause direct tissue injury and have a role in sustained autoantibody responses

Contents

Although Jenner’s bold experiment was successful, it took almost two centuries for smallpox vaccination to become universal. Downstream events are mediated by proteins that associate with the phosphorylated tyrosines and bind to and activate other proteins The MHC class I and class II molecules deliver peptides to the cell surface from two distinct intracellular compartments

The crystal structures of several MHC:peptide:T-cell receptor complexes all show the same T-cell receptor orientation over the MHC:peptide complex In the early 1890s, Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato discovered that the serum of animals immune to diphtheria or tetanus contained a specific ‘antitoxic activity’ that could confer short-lived protection against the effects of diphtheria or tetanus toxins in people. An important question is whether vaccination can be used therapeutically to control existing chronic infectionsKenneth Murphy is the Eugene Opie First Centennial Professor of Pathology and Immunology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He received his MD/PhD degree from The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. The two classes of MHCmolecule have distinct subunit structures but similar three-dimensional structures. / 3-15 Peptides are stably bound to MHC molecules, and also serve to stabilize the MHC molecule on the cell surface An adaptive immune response is initiated when circulating T cells encounter their corresponding antigen in draining lymphoid tissues and become activated